Gambling is putting something of value on a chance event with the intent to win something else of value. The terms “gambling” and “gambler” describe a person who engages in any activity with a risk of losing something of value, but exclude bona fide business transactions (purchase or sale at a future date of securities or commodities, contracts of indemnity or guaranty and life, health or accident insurance).
Many people gamble without problems. However, a small percentage of people develop problem gambling. In some cases, the behavior becomes a significant source of distress or impairment, affecting personal and family functioning. In severe cases, it can even threaten a person’s physical and mental well-being. Pathological gambling is characterized by persistent and recurrent maladaptive patterns of gambling behaviors that negatively affect other areas of a person’s life, such as their work, school, or personal relationships. The majority of people with pathological gambling report starting to gamble in adolescence or young adulthood and developing their problem several years later.
Understanding what causes a person to gamble and how they can develop gambling problems is a complex issue. Different observers—research scientists, psychiatrists, other treatment care clinicians, and public policy makers—have developed their own paradigms or world views that they use to frame questions about gambling. These perspectives often vary because of a person’s disciplinary training, expertise, or special interests.
Research on the psychology of gambling has largely focused on the role of impulsivity and arousal in the process of gambling. The arousal that accompanies gambling can help explain why people are willing to take risks for potentially large rewards, even when the odds of winning are stacked against them. Theories such as Zuckerman’s and Cloninger’s arousal-seeking models have been used to explain gambling behaviors.
For most people, though, the primary reason for gambling is the pursuit of pleasure and excitement. People often seek the euphoria associated with the anticipation of winning and the social interaction that can come with it, especially if they have a friend or acquaintance with whom they place their bets.
In addition, people may also gamble as a way to self-soothe unpleasant feelings, such as boredom or anxiety. It is important for people to learn healthier and more effective ways to relieve these feelings, such as exercising, spending time with friends who do not gamble, or practicing relaxation techniques. People who are struggling with these types of issues should speak to a doctor or counselor about their concerns.